Long Term Management of Client Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer Essay Example

Long haul Management of Client Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer Essay Long haul the board of customer determined to have Colorectal Cancer is a main source of death worldwide and one of the four driving dangers to human wellbeing and improvement alongside cardiovascular infections, interminable respiratory ailments and diabetes (WHO, 2011). It is evaluated that malignancy represented 13% of all passings worldwide in 2008, of which colorectal disease alongside lung and bosom tumors added to 45% of world’s all out malignancy mortality (Ferlay, et al. , 2010). Malignancy keeps on being a main source of mortality and grimness in New Zealand representing 33% all things considered (MOH, 2012). Colorectal malignant growth influences both Maori and non Maori populaces in New Zealand and the rate rank among the most noteworthy around the world (Shah et al, 2011). The personality of the customer for this situation study is ensured under the Privacy Act (1993). He will, from this point forward, be known as Mr. S. The understudy in this task will investigate the given contextual analysis (Appendix. An) and examine the pathophysiology of colorectal malignancy alongside the understanding of the data given (Appendix. A). A suitable arrangement of care for Mr. S determined to have colorectal malignant growth experiencing chemotherapy and the job of attendants in the administration of individuals long haul conditions are additionally talked about in this task. Foundation: Mr. S is a multi year elderly person determined to have colorectal malignant growth experiencing his second course of chemotherapy in the outpatient center. He introduced to the clinic with stamped changes in his entrail propensity with brilliant red blood per rectum and squeezing stomach torment in November, 2012. After point by point examination, he has been determined to have stage for colon malignancy with stomach and liver metastasis. We will compose a custom article test on Long Term Management of Client Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Long Term Management of Client Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Long Term Management of Client Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer He experienced gut resection in December, 2012 bringing about colostomy. His current concern incorporates stomach uneasiness, incessant exhaustion, shortcoming, poor craving, upset rest and heart consume. His exhibition status is intensifying and he needs help with his exercises of day by day living. He is a known hypertensive with family ancestry of malignancy and myocardial dead tissue. He is a non smoker and a non liquor consumer with an exceptionally strong family (Appendix. A). The creator (Appendix. A) gave the contextual analysis adequate realities for arranging a cooperative consideration plan for Mr. S. Sufficient data has been given in regards to the introducing issues of the customer alongside ongoing examinations and current drugs. The creator incorporated the applicable family ancestry just as the past clinical history of the customer important to design a proper consideration for Mr. S. Be that as it may, the creator hasn’t gave any data in regards to the otherworldly soundness of Mr. S. Otherworldliness and religion can be imperative to the prosperity of individuals with malignant growth, which empower them to adapt to the sickness in a superior manner (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2013). Information with respect to the sexual existence of Mr. S would have been pertinent on the grounds that examination shows that, proceeding with sexual relationship is one of the significant worries for customers with colostomies and huge others ( Black, 1993). It is obvious from the data given (Appendix. A) that, Mr. S has a propelled phase of colorectal malignant growth. In this manner, Information on cutting edge order of Mr. S would have been useful in light of the fact that best in class order is a procedure of conversation and shared getting ready for future medicinal services. It is centered around the individual and includes the individual, family/whanau and the human services experts answerable for their consideration according to the persons’ wish (MOH, 2011). So as to build up a cooperative arrangement of care, a comprehension of the pathophysiology of the introducing case is required. Colorectal Cancer. Malignancy is a developing wellbeing worry in New Zealand and colorectal disease is the second most normal malignancy enrolled for the two people in New Zealand (MOH, 2012). Colorectal disease (CRC), regularly known as colon malignancy or entrail disease is a threatening tumor emerging from the internal dividers of digestive organ because of the uncontrolled development of cells in the colon or rectum. The reasons for colorectal disease are mind boggling yet are normally a blend of acquired and ecological components. Most colorectal malignant growth happens because of way of life and expanding age with just a minority of cases related with fundamental hereditary issue (Black, 1993; Nugent, 2012; Waitemata District Health Board, 2006). Elements that expansion a person’s danger of colorectal malignant growth incorporates propelling age, family ancestry of colorectal malignant growth and polyps, the nearness of polyps in the internal organ, incendiary gut infections, basically interminable ulcerative colitis and high fat admission ( Nugent, 2012). Mr. S is multi year old and had solid family ancestry of malignant growth. Aside from this he hasn’t got some other hazard factors for colon disease. He is a known hypertensive and had family ancestry of hypertension and myocardial dead tissue which builds his hazard for cardiovascular illnesses (Appendix. A). Pathophysiology: Structurally the digestive organ is a long cylinder contained four layers. The internal mucosal layer through which the undigested food voyages, appended to the slender second layer, called the submucosa. The sub mucosal layer itself connected to a layer of muscle, the muscularis. The whole cylinder is encircled by stringy tissue called serosa. The most well-known tumors of the digestive organ (adenocarcinoma) emerge from the inward mucosal layer. These cells are presented to poisons from food and microscopic organisms alongside mechanical mileage and are continually ceasing to exist and being supplanted. Disease of colon and rectum happens when the procedure of this typical substitution of coating cells leaves (Nugent, 2012). For reasons that are ineffectively comprehended, these cells start to partition and develop freely, prompting the uncontrolled multiplication of strange cells. As these strange cells develop and isolate, they can prompt developments inside the olon called polyps. Polyps are precancerous tumors that develop gradually over years and don't spread. Extra hereditary transformation of these polyps further destabilizes the cells and attacks different layers of internal organ and gets dangerous (Black, 1993; Nugent, 2012). When shaped, the colorectal malignant growth develops in two different ways. First the malignant growth can develop locally by attacking the neighboring structures, making the mass called the essential tumor which is more diligently to expel. Neighborhood augmentation prompts manifestations, for example, agony or totality, including blockages of the colon and close by structures. Second the malignant growth starts the procedure of metastasis by shedding various cells daily into the circulation system and lymphatic framework that can make diseases structure in particular areas. Colorectal malignancies most ordinarily spread first to the neighborhood lymph hubs. When neighborhood lymph hubs are included, spread to the liver, the stomach hole, and the lung are the following most regular goals of metastatic spread (Black, 1993; Nugent, 2012; Waitemata District Health Board, 2006). It is obvious from the data given that, (Appendix. A) Mr. S has stomach and liver metastasis and the neighborhood lymph hubs are additionally included. Manifestations of colorectal disease. Manifestations of colorectal disease are various and frequently asymptomatic. Contingent upon the area, size and kind of malignant growth suggestive introduction may show a generally advance tumor. The manifestations of colorectal malignancy are frequently because of the development of the tumor into the lumen of the digestive system or contiguous structures (American Cancer Society, 2012; Black, 1993). Right sided sores are bigger and cause iron inadequacy pallor because of the moderate loss of blood over an extensive stretch of time and causes exhaustion, shortcoming, and brevity of breath. Diseases of the left colon are bound to cause incomplete or complete gut deterrent, bringing about obstruction, looseness of the bowels, limited stool, stomach agony, squeezes and swelling. Brilliant red blood in the stool may likewise show sores of the lower colon or in the rectum (Black, 1993; Nugent, 2012). Mr. S gave stamped changes in his gut propensity with splendid red blood per rectum alongside sharp squeezing stomach torment, characteristic of injuries in the lower colon or in rectum (Appendix. A). What tests should be possible to distinguish colon malignant growth? Indicative tests are frequently performed when an individual displays the signs and manifestations of colorectal malignant growth or research facility examines propose a disease might be available. A total blood tally (CBC) is a standard indicative test that decides the measure of red and white platelets in the blood and assists with deciding if the patient has a disease or pallor (American Cancer Society, 2012; Black, 1993; Nugent, 2012). Pallor can be an indication of malignancy and is regularly a symptom of chemotherapy. Barium bowel purge x-beam or colonoscopy is likewise performed to affirm the determination and find the malignancy. A barium bowel purge includes x-beam imaging of the colon and the rectum after the patient is given a douche containing barium. The barium diagrams the digestive organ and the tumors and different variations from the norm show up as dull shadows on x-beams (Nugent, 2012). Colonoscopy is a system where a long, adaptable survey tube is embedded into the rectum to assess within the whole colon. On the off chance that colon polyps are discovered, they are normally evacuated through the colonoscope which forestalls the future advancement of colon disease from th

Preference for Homeschooling over Traditional Schooling Essays

Inclination for Homeschooling over Traditional Schooling Essays Inclination for Homeschooling over Traditional Schooling Essay Inclination for Homeschooling over Traditional Schooling Essay Article Topic: Fun Home Unit 7 Assignment: â€Å"The Preference for Homeschooling over Traditional Schooling† Kaplan University Preference for self-teaching over customary tutoring Traditional instruction has been around for quite a long time. The causes can be followed back to the 1600’s during the hour of the Puritans and people who were alluded to as â€Å"Congressionalist’s. † Even after usage of this instructive framework, kids were all the while being educated at home by their folks despite the fact that it was anything but a legitimately allowed activity in various areas. As the years progressed, the customary educational system has experienced numerous changes; conceivably one of the most observable adjustments is the inclination of guardians to return to their choice to instruct their kids at home rather than â€Å"forcing† them to go to open offices. Guardians are progressively getting increasingly mindful of the numerous advantages this kind of training can offer to their youngsters, however to themselves. Self-teaching is more compelling than conventional tutoring in light of the fact that it permits guardians to structure a particularized educational program for their youngster/kids, lessens the social weights of the customary school condition and gives the comfort of timetable adaptability for parent and kid the same. The expanding number of guardians who are deciding to instruct their kids at home is because of various variables. The accompanying reasons have additionally added to the heightening level of kids who are accepting their trainings at home. Self-teaching is currently lawful in every one of the fifty states and in any event thirty-seven states have express self-teaching rules. Second, in the course of recent years the web has given the way to make self-teaching systems, disperse curricular materials, and offer legitimate counsel. Besides, with its developing fame has come standard worthiness; this thusly has made self-teaching yet increasingly mainstream (Reich, 2002). Before, when guardians settled on the choice to instruct their kids at home, they were met with obstruction by the administrative and state governments, yet relatives and companions couldn't comprehend why they would deny their youngsters the capacity to learn in a situation wherein they could cooperate with their friends; a domain with uniquely prepared instructors who might have the option to have any kind of effect in their lives. By and by, notwithstanding; it has become more clear with respect to why guardians settle on the choice to show their youngsters at home and this has offered ascend to the longing for additional guardians and parental figures to pick self-teaching over customary tutoring. Authorities in the field of instruction keep on discussing the potential ruins and advantages of self-teaching versus customary tutoring. There are various conclusions in regards to whether guardians have what it takes important to instruct their youngsters appropriately at home and if this kind of training is suitable groundwork for their kids to become beneficial and effective citizenry. Likewise with any point as significant as training, there are the individuals who will won't think about the two sides of the discussion; this is the point at which it gets important to give relevant data of the advantages of self-teaching over customary tutoring. One of the most ordinarily refered to reasons guardians give for their decision to teach their kids at home is their capacity to plan their educational program to meet the particular needs of their kid/kids. In this sense; â€Å"special needs† doesn't really allude just to kids with handicaps. Extraordinary necessities youngsters can incorporate the individuals who have extraordinarily high IQ’s, the individuals who do very well in a specific subjects, for example, math or science, kids with ADHD or the individuals who do have specific physical and additionally mental hindrances, and so forth. When instructed at home, these youngsters are less hesitant about their disparities; they are increasingly equipped for concentrating on the material since they are less stressed over being ridiculed by their friends. It has likewise been found that kids who do battle with learning handicaps or have uncommon requirements advantage from multiple points of view from self-teaching; â€Å"Research now demonstrates that the house is by a wide margin the best circumstance for most extraordinary kids, so HSLDA energetically suggests self-teaching any kid with a learning inability or exceptional need† (Wright, 2006). Also, guardians are progressively equipped for showing their youngsters as per the child’s own specific style of learning. In the customary tutoring condition, it isn't just hard for instructors to pinpoint each student’s style, it is about difficult to at the same time utilize the various strategies important for them to learn specific topic. Guardians who self-teach, can appropriately recognize their child’s style of learning and join specific instructing techniques to suit each style separately. For example, if a youngster learns in an inesthetic way, the parent would utilize the utilization of hands-on learning helps to empower the kid to contact and feel the data, though a kid, who learns best with the utilization of sound-related upgrades, would profit by the utilization of recorded exercises or melodic learning instruments. Another regular explanation guardians favor self-teaching over conventional tutoring is the decrease or complete disposal of social powers which may make their kids experience individual and enthusiastic issues, for example, low confidence and hesitance. Youngsters who are redundantly and continually harassed or ridiculed can create enthusiastic issues which may stay with them for the remainder of their lives. Self-teaching gives youngsters the capacity to be in a protected and secure condition where they don't feel undermined or harassed. â€Å"Some families feel that the negative social weights of schools, for example, sexualization[sic], tormenting, drugs, school viciousness, and other school-related issues, are unfavorable to a childs development† (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Numerous people make suspicions with respect to the capacity of youngsters who are self-taught, to work in the public eye as grown-ups, notwithstanding; as of now, there is no definitive proof to demonstrate that these suppositions are right. It would bode well to propose that youngsters who are badgering in the customary school condition would will in general have more issues shaping both individual and business connections in their grown-up lives. Another normal misguided judgment of kids who are self-taught is that they are not permitted to be associated with extracurricular exercises. The fact of the matter is most kids who are self-taught are additionally engaged with outside exercises, for example, sports and expressive arts; this gives the capacity to make connections outside of the home and add to their locale in indistinguishable manners from the generally educated youngsters. One of the most convincing focal points of self-teaching over customary tutoring is the way that both parent and kid the same can plan a timetable which is helpful for their own specific needs. The total adaptability of having the option to define explicit exercise plans, direct classes when it is generally advantageous and the capacity to picked explicit subjects of intrigue which may not be accessible in a conventional school are significant angles with respect to parent’s choice to show their kids at home. . â€Å"Home tutoring permits us to make our own timetable. We pick when we start and end our school day. We pick how long seven days we direct school. We pick which months of the year we will hold classes. † (Zeitz, 2008). Likewise, self-teaching additionally permits grown-ups who have decided to telecommute the capacity to alter their own work routines so as to all the more likely take care of the requirements of their youngsters and to guarantee a full and rich family life. As recently expressed; there will consistently be people who contradict self-teaching for some explanation, there will likewise consistently be people who advocate the various advantages this kind of training can give to both parent and kid. The most significant thing guardians need to consider before settling on the choice to instruct their youngster at home is the child’s readiness and capacity to partake. Despite the fact that a few guardians may accept that this sort of tutoring is suitable, the youngster may want to go to a government funded school just to discover what the â€Å"real world† resembles; at the end of the day, the wellbeing of the kid ought to consistently be mulled over. There are numerous misguided judgments with respect to self-teaching which can be dispersed by simply examining the different advantages this kind of instruction can give; guardians are starting to perceive these advantages, building up a more noteworthy inclination for self-teaching over conventional tutoring which has the fitness to increment altogether in the coming year. Taking everything into account, there are various advantages to self-teaching, for example, the capacity to make explicit exercise plans which are as per the individual premiums of the kid and the capacity to train youngsters as indicated by their unmistakable learning styles. Self-teaching gives adaptability to the two guardians and youngsters to build up the best and most proper occasions to learn, it additionally disposes of the social weights which are available in conventional educational systems. References New Wo

Taobao

Taobao © Shutterstock.com | Gil CTaobao is one of the biggest consumer-to-consumer platforms on the internet. In this article we will look at 1) what is Taobao?, 2) selling successfully on Taobao, 3) advantages of selling on Taobao, 4) precautions, and 5) Taobao Success Stories.WHAT IS TAOBAO?The CompanyTaobao is a Chinese e-commerce website that was founded by the Alibaba Group in 2003. It is a customer-to-customer platform that allows individual sellers and small business owners to sell their products to different buyers. It is similar in operation to eBay and Amazon. Sellers can create and operate virtual storefronts. The website caters primarily to buyers and sellers in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.Both fixed price sales and auction formats are available to sellers. Most items are sold through a fixed price model with a very small percentage of auction sales. Buyers can judge a seller’s credibility by looking at the provided information on the site which includes other user rat ings, comments and complaints.The website is very popular with as many as 760 million products listed by March 2013. It is one of the top 10 most visited websites in the world according to data gathered by Alexa Internet.Rise to SuccessTo compete with an expanding eBay, Taobao allows sellers to list their products at no cost and provides special features on the website such as instant messaging between buyers and sellers and an escrow based payment solution called Alipay. These features are consumer focused and have allowed Taobao to become the leading C2C platform in mainland China. Growth has been rapid with market share moving from 8 percent in 2003 to 67  percent in 2006. Concurrently, eBay’s share fell from 79 percent to 29  percent and the website closed down operations in China by 2006.ExpansionIn 2008, the website expanded to include a business to consumer addition called the Taobao Mall. With its own web domain, aims to provide quality brand name products to the Chinese b uyers. By 2011, Tmall became an independent business and by 2013 it was the 8th most visited website in China.The business has also expanded to include an independent search engine called etao which provides product and seller information across many e-commerce websites. In 2011, the parent company Alibaba also launched a physical Taobao mall in Beijing.The Business ModelThe Taobao business model has been successful where others have failed. The website differs from similarly structured eBay in two major regards. First, the items sold on it are predominantly new and not used. Secondly, there is no setup fee or per transaction fee charged. This fee-free model has made it immensely popular among users in China. The website generates revenue by offering advertising and other services that help the seller stand out from a crowd of other sellers. Merchant advertisements appear with product search results.To add to this, when Tmall was launched there was a change in the revenue model. Tar geted towards bigger sellers, there are several fees charged including a deposit, an annual fee and a per transaction commission.HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON TAOBAOTips for Selling on TaobaoAs with all e-commerce platforms, there needs to be concentrated effort to launch a successful business and generate revenues. Some tips for achieving this on Taobao are:Be Innovative: With hundreds of vendors vying for a buyer’s attention, it is a good idea to identify a niche or a unique selling proposition to help stand out from the crowd. This should be used together with a sound marketing plan to make your product stand apart and generate interest.Be Patient: With stiff competition, it can take some time to build up a strong business. It is important to have a long term plan with specific goals and targets to achieve. Learn from your mistakes and work towards building a sustainable and scalable business.Focus on Keywords: When a buyer is out to find a specific item, they will enter specific keywords into the search function. Identifying the right keywords that will direct these buyers to your product and using them effectively are a key to successful online selling. Keywords can relate to the brand, model, any product features or benefits, store name, common adjectives used to define the product etc. Any combination of these keywords may be used to search for the item. Often, similar products or products that fulfill the same need can also be used as keywords to direct buyers to a product.Use the Community: The Taobao community is a place where buyers and sellers can interact. This interaction can lead to familiarity and increased sales as well as repeat customers. A successful seller may be able to animate her community and increase networking. Discussion topics can create awareness and help extend business. These topics can become viral both within the community and even more widespread over the internet. Regular posts on relevant topics will continue to engage buye rs and build up credibility as a serious seller.Offer Promotions: Despite interest, most buyers are looking for a good deal and a great price. Offering promotions on products is a good way to attract buyers and generate excitement about your product. The best promotions offered are showcased by Taobao which increases the probability of being seen by the buyers. In addition, it is a good idea to identify popular holidays and events and build promotional activities around them. Valentine’s Day, Chinese New Year and other festivals are popular times for shopping.Build Credibility: Gaining consumer confidence is vital for online success. An attractive price point and strong communication activities will bring in a buyer but poor quality of items or misleading the customer will only mean lost consumers. Providing a realistic view of items and providing the best quality of goods and services will mean good reviews and repeat customers.Build Supportive Social Media Presence: Buyers will often use social media to share their shopping experience and product likes or dislikes. It is important to establish presence on the social media outlets frequented by your target market and use these to reach out to these consumers. This can help understand market trends, consumer behavior as well as to bring in new customers as well as repeat ones.Provide Excellent Customer Service: Customers often want to get an idea of who the seller is and what the product is before actually making a purchase. For this, Taobao offers a chat feature which is extremely popular with the Chinese audience. A successful seller is one who makes use of this channel and ensures that all customer queries are addressed and responded to in a timely and friendly manner.Provide Reliable Delivery: Chinese consumers expect quick deliveries for their online purchases and it is a good idea to offer quick and reliable delivery.Work with Popular Payment Solutions: Alipay, a local escrow based payment system and c ash on delivery are two methods that are popular in China. Alipay is secure and reliable. These methods should be understood and used.  ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF SELLING ON TAOBAOSelling your products on this popular website comes with advantages and disadvantages.AdvantagesSome of the advantages are:Large Chinese Market: Online shopping is very popular in China and Taobao is larger than any physical retail location. According to the China Internet Network Information Center, there were 618 million internet users in China in 2013. Of these, online buyers show a phenomenal growth with shoppers spending $213 billion online. The internet retail market has shown a 70 percent annual growth since 2009.Low Risk and Low Cost: The Taobao business model has no fees attached to merely listing and selling products. In addition, an online business has less inventory pressure, storage issues or management risks. There is less investment as there is no need to establish a physical store presenc e. The overall cost for a seller is reduced and this can be passed on to the consumer in the form of lower priced items and benefits the seller by increasing profit margins.Built-In Secure Payment System: Alibaba, the Taobao parent company also owns the most popular online payment system in China called Alipay. This escrow based system is widely trusted and a reliable way to safely and quickly make online payments. It is a very simple method where a buyer sends money to Alipay on purchasing an item. Alipay then passed on the payment when the product is received by the buyer. The system offers both the buyer and the seller a guarantee of payment and a good product.DisadvantagesThere are two major disadvantages of selling on Taobao. These are:Language Barrier: The biggest users on Taobao remain the residents of China. This means that to sell to them effectively, one must be fluent in their language. A way around this is to hire a Chinese speaker to handle communication, but this may n ot be an option for smaller sellers.Counterfeits: There is a huge counterfeit market on Taobao as well as Tmall. This means that people have cheaper alternatives to any products being sold or are wary of trusting any seller because there is not clear way to tell counterfeits apart online.Those of our readers who have had experience buying or selling on Taobao are welcome to add their experiences in the comments section.PRECAUTIONSIt is usually safe to conduct transactions on Taobao. There is a high degree of reliability on the website. But there are always cases on a bad experience or a bad seller or buyer. It is a good idea to be attempt to identify possible trouble sellers or buyers before getting into business with them. A robust feedback system allows buyers to assess a seller and make an informed decision about buying products from them. Buyers can select sellers with high ratings and good reviews. Similarly, sellers can take a look at any buyer ratings if available and avoid a ny that spell potential trouble.Look for sellers with high transactions and 99 percent feedback.See if the prospective buyer is listed and has a buyer feedbackRead through bad feedback and try to understand what could have caused it. A good seller may have had bad luck with a troublesome buyer.Look at seller speed, accuracy and attitude ratingsBe sure to try to fix any problems and discuss issues before leaving a negative rating for a buyer or a seller.TAOBAO SUCCESS STORIESThere are many examples of successful businesses on Taobao and Tmall. Some of these are:CocokakaCocokaka is a Taobao store that stocks items reminiscent of an urban Outfitters store. Products listed include things like a headless cat backpack, quirky iPhone cases and a teapot hat. One of the most popular items is a giant tiger head backpack. The store is owned and operated by Luojun Xu, who is a student at the Shanghai Academy for Visual Arts. Only 19, she plans to continue further studies abroad in England. Unli ke others, who mostly resell wholesale bought items, Xu creates her own accessories to sell. She transforms cheap, plain accessories into original products to sell in her store.Through her store on Taobao she earns as much as $9,800 a year and attracts 400,000 visitors. She was attracted by the low barriers to entry, access to thousands of users and the opportunity to make good profits on the e-commerce website. According to Xu, good products, good packaging, an interesting storefront, excellent customer service and timely service make the difference between a successful Taobao store and a failed one. Some promotion and marketing also go a long way. Her method for handling competition is to continue to launch newer and more innovative products while maintaining quality of product and service.Puppy Mischief on TaobaoA successful Taobao based online business, PuppY Mischief sells unique pet products online. Products listed include items as diverse as lace trimmed tutus for dogs to spe cialty puppy shampoos. The store was created by Yao Zhen and his wife in 2009. They eventually settled on Taobao as a platform after exploring different retail options and strategies.The inspiration for the business came from Yao’s long standing affection for dogs. He often rescued  dogs and kept them in his own house. As a dog owner, he identified a need for dog related products and a lack of easy availability and access to these items. This encouraged him to attempt to start his own business. Taobao was the eventual choice as there was very little effort or investment required to set up the shop. There was also no need to stock a lot of inventory or offer a variety of product choices. To begin with, Yao sold as much as he could and still managed to make money.Kumeijiao on TaobaoAnother successful Taobao store, Kumeijiao, has been selling wool yarn online since 2007. The business was founded by Liu Yuguo who was encouraged by his uncle to explore the platform because others were making profits on it. He discovered that opening the online store was much easier than he had expected. There was no need for investment or capital and money can be made immediately. Liu experienced this when his items sold out on the first day he listed them on Taobao. Over the years, Liu has added other products and items such as wool and cashmere finished products, but his best-selling item remains what he started with, the spools of yarn.Liu now has a team of 40 workers and has expanded to open a store on Tmall. He pays for listing on Tmall and a commission but can afford to make that investment to compete in a different marketplace.ODM on TmallODM is a watchmaker that created its store on Tmall in 2012. The aim was to reach customers who lived outside of Major Chinese cities. The ODM watches were already sold within their stores, but the company was interested in using the online platform to sell anywhere.Within a few years, the company has managed to grown its online business exponentially and now sells around 60,000 watches a year through its online retail website.

Marketing Plan of Solar Panel - 2253 Words

Marketing Plan for: Proposed by: Submitted to: Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Description 3. Strategic Focus and plan Mission/Vision Goals: Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage 4. Situation Analysis SWOT Analysis Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Management Offerings Marketing Personnel Finance Manufacturing Research and Development (R D) External Opportunities and Threats Consumer/Social Competitive Technological Economic Legal/Regulatory Industry Analysis Competitor Analysis Company Analysis Customer Analysis 5. Market-Product Focus Marketing and Product Objectives Target Markets Points of Difference Positioning 6. Marketing Program†¦show more content†¦Financial targets: Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Whereas the mission defines the scope of a business or business unit and the goals define its strategic performance dimensions, its business unit competencies determine the means for achieving success. An example of a competitive advantage: â€Å"McDonalds’ competitive advantage is its large number of restaurants, more than double its competitors, making it more convenient for customers than any other fast food restaurant in the world.† Our competitive advantage is that high quality of product, lower cost of solar panel, installation and maintenance, unique financial payment option and total coverage on-stop service, making it more reliable and convenient for customers than any other solar panel companies. 4. Situation Analysis The essence of the situation analysis is taking stock of where the firm or product has been recently, where it is now, and where it is headed. The situation analysis is the first of three steps in the planning stage. Recently, the price of unrenewable energy resource such as oil, coral and natural gas is increasing by time because of rare and more and more usage for individual and industries. Solar panels which use energy from Sun are considered as renewable energy through the form of solar radiation, UV. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way theyShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Paper777 Words   |  4 PagesIn the context of marketing, the following paper will map the supply chain of the solar panel industry. Solar panel is a growing industry that has seen a massive amount of growth over the last 10 years. Each major piece of the supply chain is outlined in detail, which includes the manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. Manufacturer Solar panels are an alternative energy source that is used for a variety of applications in commercial and residential settings (First Solar,  2014). The majorityRead MoreNight Fix Solar Panels1150 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing Plan Assignment 2 Night Fix Solar Panels My company is Night Fix Solar Panels. The company is funded by direct investments. 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Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay - 1276 Words

Stem Cells are the centre point for all growth and development. The centre point of life. Without them, there would not be humans, animals or even germs. Thanks to them, we can modify and enhance the human body when in its foetal form. The fear that a child will be born with hereditary disease, mutations and disabilities haunts the dreams of people today more than ever. But what if we could guarantee our children could be born disease free and disability free? What if we could remove the gene that would give our children haemophilia? What if we could cure their Parkinson’s disease if they developed it? What if we could modify our children? But what will this mean for mankind? Will this lead to our race’s condemnation or amelioration?†¦show more content†¦The cells have a wide variety of uses, from growing new organs for transplantation to repairing damaged tissue, repairing spinal cord injuries and creating skin replacements for burn victims. Research is ongoi ng into the use of stem cells to help cure immune disorders or make it all the more possible to rectify genetic diseases. One day in the future, the cells may even be used for mundane problems like hair and tooth replacement. However, HES cells discovery and the prospect of using them in medicine and for research has aroused a great deal of controversy throughout the general public. Even when presented with all the things Stem Cell research has to offer, supporters are met by an endless stream of religious and ethical questions, which require serious consideration: Is it fair, or just, that specific types of research go on, when it involves harvesting cells and then going on to terminate human embryos that are between four and seven days old? How do we know this will not lead to ‘human robots’? The ethical questions surrounding stem cell research are split into two divergent points: the pursuit of medical research in order to develop old and create new therapeutics and cures versus the preservation and respect of human and embryonic life. As a populace, these are the two issues we must acknowledge to ensure we reflect the morals and values of ourShow MoreRelatedHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1625 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, the Pontifical Academy for Life presents the field of stem cell research with a statement regarding the official Roman Catholic position on the moral aspects of acquiring and using human embryonic stem cells.  They have declared that it is not morally legitimate to produce or use human embryos as a source of stem cells, nor is it acceptable to use stem cells from cell lines already established. Thus, bringing up the conflictingRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research2490 Words   |  10 PagesFederal Government to fund stem cell research through the National Institute of Health. There are various types of stem cells, but the policy issue mainly covers human embryonic stem cells. This policy revokes President George W. Bush s executive order 13435 which put heavy limitations on federal funding for stem cell research. Although this policy has already taken effect, there are still bans and immense regulation on particular methods of human embryonic stem cell extraction that involve theRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1901 Words   |  8 Pages Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cells are cells that have not yet differentiated, or will divide into other cells that will then differentiate. These cells have the ability to develop into any type of cell that the body requires during development and growth. 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Upon their introduction, stem cell’s provided a new hope to the world and it proved itself to be an invaluable asset. Through stem cell research, a multitude of cures have

Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture Free Essays

ABSTRACT Organizational culture has become the buzzword in popular management with many experts suggesting it as an important determinant for organizational success. Management researchers have been quick to point out the impact that organizational culture may have on the effectiveness of the organization and have called for an increase in the attention paid to organizational culture. With more emphasis being placed on organizational culture, it becomes important to understand the appeal of this concept and examine its impact on management within the organization This paper thus explores on the concept of â€Å"organizational culture† and examines its impact on behaviours and management of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will involve identifying one associated mode or theory and evaluating or determining the extent to which the chosen model plays a part in defining the style of management. A case study of Sony Ericsson will also be employed to help illustrate the application of hofstede’s model of organizational culture. The study will also identify limitations of this model and the strengths that have enabled it to be used as a basis for most research analyses. INTRODUCTION Organizational culture has become the buzzword in popular management with many experts suggesting it as an important determinant for organizational success (Schein 1999). While the association between organizational culture and organizational success is far from certain, it is obvious that each organization has its own unique social structure which drives much of the individual behavior within that organization. Management researchers have been quick to point out the impact that organizational culture may have on the effectiveness of the organization and have called for an increase in the attention paid to organizational culture (Siehl Martin 1998). With more emphasis being placed on organizational culture, it is important to understand the appeal of this concept and examine its impact on management within the organization. This study thus explores on the concept of organizational culture and examines its impact on management style. This will involve identifying one associated mode or theory and evaluating or determining the extent to which the chosen model plays a part in defining the style of management. In this regard, Hofstede’s ideas will form the basis of our analysis of organizational culture. WHAT IS..â€Å"CULTURE†? The term culture has been given varied set of definitions by various scholars. Kroeber Kluckholn (1952), for example, defined culture as consisting of patterns of behaviour acquired and transmitted through symbols, and which constitute distinctive achievement of human groups including their embodiment in artifacts. Hofstede (1980), on the other hand, defined culture as the collective programming of the mind which differentiates members of one human group in the society from the rest. While Symington (1983) defined it as a complex whole which include belief, knowledge, morals, art, customs, capabilities and habits acquired in the society. These definitions suggest culture to consist of a set of value systems that are shared equally by members in the society and which binds people together. With the above conceptualization of culture, we can now define what we mean by organizational culture. ORGANIZAITONAL CULTURE Organizational culture can simply be defined as a set of values, assumptions and beliefs that define the behaviours and style of management in an organization (O’Reilly et.al, 1991). There are three main sources of influence believed to interact to create organizational culture. These are the beliefs and values held by the leaders of the organization, the characteristics of the industry in which the organization is within, and the broader society in which the organization operates (O’Reilly et.al, 1991). The most influential model used by management researchers and which has formed the basis of most analyses of organizational culture is Hofstede’s model. While most noted for his groundbreaking work on dimensions of national culture, Hofstede also identified six dimensions of organizational culture which can be used in defining the style of management in an organization. Process oriented vs goal oriented The process oriented vs result oriented dimension is concerned with the effectiveness of the organization. A key feature of a process oriented culture is the means or rather the way in which work has to be conducted. While in a result oriented culture, emphasis is placed on the goals of the organization. That is, employees are primarily out to achieve specific organizational goals even if the risks involved are substantial (Hofstede 2001). Parochial vs professional This dimension reflects the internal and external frame of the organization (Hofstede 2001). In a local culture the identity of the employees is with the immediate manager. Hence employees within this culture are internally focused and directed and there is also a strong social control. The converse is true in a professional culture where the identity of the employees is largely determined by the profession and content of the job. Open system vs closed system The open system vs closed system dimension reflects the communication climate of the organization (Hofstede 2001). For an open system, new employees are welcomed and there is the belief that everyone fits well in the organization. While for a closed system, it is difficult to join and it is believed that only a certain kind of individuals may fit in the organization. Employee oriented vs job oriented This dimension relates to the management philosophy in the organization. In an employee oriented organizational culture, concern is mainly on employee satisfaction. The staff members feel that their own personal problems and welfare is taken into account by the organization. While for a job oriented organizational culture, work is characterized by heavy pressure to perform the specific task at the expense of the employee (Hofstede 2001). Tighter control vs loose control This dimension relates to structuring, control and discipline in the organization. A tight control culture is characterized by seriousness and punctuality while the features of a loose control culture are casual and improvisation (Hofstede 2001). Examples of organizations that are often found within tighter controls are banks and pharmaceutical companies while those found in loose control are research laboratories and advertising agencies (Hofstede 2001). Normative vs pragmatic This dimension reflects on the methods employed by organizations when dealing with the environment in general and customers in particular. It describes the level of â€Å"customer oreintation†. Pragmatic cultures are flexible and more market driven while normative cultures are rigid and often emphasize on following applicable laws and rules (Hofstede 2001). Hofstede labeled organizations involved in the sale of services as pragmatic while those engaged in application of laws and rules as normative. CRITICISMS OF HOFSTEDE’S MODEL Hofstede’s ground breaking work on culture has indeed provided valuable insights into the management styles and dynamics of cross cultural relationships. However, his highly influential findings have not been without criticisms. A number of academics have discredited his work in part or whole. Critics have argued that survey was not an important instrument that could be used in accurately determining and measuring the culture of organizations (Jones 2007). A survey of a set of limited questions certainly cannot adequately and comprehensively provide an in-depth understanding of culture of an organization. In response to this criticism, Hofstede argued that survey was one method and certainly not the only method that was used. Hofstede’s model has also been criticized on the basis that the five or six dimensions did not provide sufficient information about cultural differences (Jones 2007). In this regard, Hofstede agreed that his analysis was too narrow to credibly argue for the universal validity and sufficiency of the six dimensions of organizational culture that he identified. And in fact, suggested for additional dimensions to his original work. He also noted that some of the six dimensions that he identified may be less useful when analyzing other types of organizations in other countries (Jones 2007). A third criticism is that Hofstede’s work is seen as outdated, especially with the rapid changes in the global environment (Jones 2007). This critique has further been put forward by Holden (2002) who points out that the data used by Hofstede in his dimensions of organizational culture seem to have been gathered over 30 years ago and is therefore no longer applicable to the modern day world. In response to this criticism, Hofstede (1998) pointed out that a number of recent replications had confirmed his findings. Hofstede’s model is also criticized on grounds of his one company approach. Hofstede’s analysis supposed that a single IBM organizational culture could be used to make inferences about the entire world wide organizational cultures (Jones 2007). A study fixated on one company certainly cannot be used to make inferences about the entire world wide organizational cultures. The validity of his dimensions of organizational culture has thus been questioned and his model considered to be non-comprehensive as the study was based on data collected from a single company using questionnaires that lacked academic foundation. Critics have also argued that Hofstede failed to recognize the diversity in his analysis of IBM culture (Jones 2007). He ignored extensive literature which suggested that there were multiple, dissenting and emergent cultures in an organization. If we are to ignore the assumption of a single culture in IBM and acknowledge the diversity in culture at IBM, then his analysis is likely to collapse. After years of publication of his analysis on organizational culture based on the IBM survey data, Hofstede begun to acknowledge the presence of cultural diversity within and between units in the same organization. However, despite recognizing flaws in his work, Hofstede fails to admit error or weakness in his analysis. Accepting that organizations had multiple cultures as opposed to his assumption of a single culture would seem to undermine a crucial part of his analysis. ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF HOFSTEDE’S MODEL Despite these criticisms, Hofstedes work is widely acknowledged and used by many scholars and practictioners due to its mainly appealing attributes. Sondergaard (1994) noted that hofstede’s analysis on corporate culture received 1,036 citations in comparison with another highly regarded study by Miles Snow (1978) which only received 200 citations. Moreover, a number of researchers have replicated Hofstede’s study including Trompenaars Hampden-Turner (1997). Some of the strengths that have enabled it to be used as the basis of most research analyses include: Relevance: – Hofstede’s discoveries came at a time when there was very little known about culture and businesses were just globalizing and were in need of advice (Jones 2007). Hofstede’s framework exceeded this demand and became widely accepted by many scholars and practitioners. His work offered guidance to managers who were expanding their businesses as cultures were clashing and creating difficulties (Jones 2007). Rigour – Hofstede model is based on a rigorous research design with systematic data and is built on a coherent theory (Jones 2007). Simplicity: – Knudsen Loloma (2007) argues that hofstede’s model has remained influential and successful due to its simplicity of appliance. His analysis of culture offered a simple way of understanding organizational culture. The six dimensions that define organizational culture put forth by Hofstede made it easier for managers and researchers to understand corporate culture without the need of expert knowledge. Relative accuracy: – strength of Hofstede’s model is also reflected in its level of accuracy. Majority of the replications conducted by other researchers have confirmed Hofstede’s findings. Four replications have concurred fully with Hofstede’s findings while fifteen showed partial confirmation (Jones 2007). Moreover, Hofstede’s framework has become very influential in management studies and is most widely cited in social sciences. His work remains instrumental in the implementation of various business systems in organizations including entrepreneurial behaviour, workgroup performance and dynamics, leadership styles, participative management and management control systems among many others (Jones 2007). A CASE STUDY OF SONY ERICSSON In order to explore on the extent to which hofstede model plays a part in defining management style, we will conduct a case study of Sony Ericsson, a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson. Sony Ericsson has its headquarters and all of its management based in the UK. The firm aims at becoming the most innovative and attractive mobile brand globally (Cooper Ross 2007). ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN SONY ERICSSON Organizational culture has long been acknowledged as an important factor for driving behaviour, decision making and shaping management style at Sony Ericsson. With regard to the rules and procedures, Sony Ericson follows a certain procedure laid down by the firm (Cooper Ross 2007). While it is not a requirement for employees to follow strict dress code and office timings, it is mandatory for employees at Sony Ericsson to abide by the business ethics and code of conduct (Cooper Ross 2007). Since the firm does not follow a strict dress code and office timings, it can be concluded that the organization employs a loose control culture. With regard to employee evaluation and performance, the staffs at Sony Ericsson are not differentiated on their individual performance and are allowed to participate in decision making except at the higher level which requires the executive management team only (Cooper Ross 2007). Sony Ericsson’s corporate culture is also more employee oriented with managers more concerned on the welfare and employee satisfaction. Sony Ericson’s organizational culture is also very professional as employees are subjected to scrutiny checks prior to their appointment to ensure that individuals hired are competent and have a certain level of experience deemed necessary for the position (Tayeb 2001). With regard to normative and pragmatic approach, the firm is seen in between, as its organizational culture is both normative and pragmatic oriented. While Sony Ericsson focuses on meeting customer and market needs, the firm also adheres to certain rules and guidelines in meeting these needs (Tayeb 2001). Clearly, Hofstede’s model plays a significant part in defining the management style and organizational behaviour at Sony Ericsson. CONCLUSION There is no doubt that Hofstede’s model is one of the most widely acknowledged and used piece of research. His ground breaking work on culture has indeed provided valuable insights into the management styles and dynamics of cross cultural relationships as evident in Sony Ericsson. A number of academics have however discredited his work in part or whole. Although Hofstede’s work on culture has been heavily criticized on grounds of his one company approach, survey methodological approach, and for fewer dimensions and his assumption of a single organizational culture; majority of his findings have had remarkable effect on practitioners and researchers and continue to guide multi-national practitioners into the â€Å"global† future. While there is a high level of controversy in his analysis of culture, there is no doubt that his study is one of the most influential in the analysis of organizational culture. REFERENCE Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture’s consequences. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications Hofstede, G., 1998. â€Å"Attitudes, Values and Organizational Culture: Disentangling the concepts.† Organization Studies 19(3): 477. Hofstede, G., 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., and G. Sanders, 1990. â€Å"Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases†. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. Holden, N., 2002. Cross-Cultural Management – A Knowledge Management Perspective. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Jones, M.L., 2007. Hofstede – culturally questionableOxford, UK. Kroeber, A. L. and C. Kluckhohn, 1952. Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press Knudsen Loloma, 2007. The consequences of â€Å"culture’s consequences†. A critical approach to culture as collective programming applied to cross-cultural crews. Journal of Maritime Affairs. Vol . 8 (2), pp.105 -121 Miles, R and C. Snow, 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. O’Reilly, C., Chatman, J., and D. Caldwell, 1991. â€Å"People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit†. Academy of Management Journal, 34:487-516. Rose, R., 2008. Organizational culture as a root of performance improvement: research and recommendations. Contemporary management research. Vol.4, p. 43-46 Schein, E., 1999. The corporate culture survival guide. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Schwartz, S.H., 1994. â€Å"Beyond individualism/collectivism†. In: Kim, U., Triandis, H.C. et al. (eds) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications: Vol. 18, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Siehl, C. J. Martin, 1998. â€Å"Measuring Organizational Culture: Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods†. In: Jones, M.O, et al. (eds), Inside Organizations: Understanding the Human Dimension, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, pp.79-103. Sinha, 2000. Patterns of work culture. Sage publications Sondergaard, M., 1994. â€Å"Hofstede’s consequences: A study of reviews, citations and replications.† Organization Studies 15(3): 447. Symington, J. W., 1983. Learn Latin America’s Culture. New York Times. Tayeb, M. H., 2001. International Business Partnership. New York: Palgrave. Trompenaars, F. and C. Hampden-Turner, 1997. Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business. London, Nicholas Brearley. How to cite Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture, Essay examples

Water resources in economic

Introduction According to Addams, Boccaletti, Kerlin Stuchtey (2009), there are more than enough water resources to meet and sustain the competing demands for scarce the resources. But the escalating water shortages and scarcity is seen as an industrial hazard, a main financial risk that can not be disregarded, and a universal precedence that influences human well-being.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water resources in economic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Looking at the management of water resources, monetary statistics is inadequate, administration is not transparent and the stakeholders are unsatisfactorily connected. Because of this, majority of the states put more effort to outline and put into practice fact rooted water policies. Water resources experience inadequate allotments and reduced investment arrangements due to the fact that investors do not have reliable support for financially realistical ly decision making. With no action taken in the direction of recovering water resource management, it will not be easy to encounter connected resource difficulties, such as supplying enough food or maintaining producing energy for the global populace. Discussion on the economics’ of water Despite water being a precious commodity, its value is hardly ever shown in numerical figures or categorized as an economic resource. Hermans, Halsema Renault (2005) state that by employing financial figures in water management, as a way of portraying significant values in money flows and permitting financial trade to be the basis of distributing water resources and related costs and advantages among stake holders. Hence, the stakeholders pay only for the amount of water that they use at a particular time. By putting into practice the financial payments for water usage in the market will result in a more utilized way of using the scarce water commodity. This will limit the wastage of water as people will feel the pinch in the pocket as they have to pay more for each drop of water wasted (Briscoe, 1996). Know how or advancements recognize that financial preparations can be a factor to an additional cost-effective utilization of water resources but if simply precise requirements are met, correlated to a properly performing institutional structure and system that makes certain that use of monetary provisions is well adjusted through wide communal objectives. Proposals on the economics’ of water resources FAO (2005) states, the escalating responsiveness that water shortage has brought forth the acceptance of the opinion that â€Å"water is an economic good† as one of the four Dublin principles in 1992, which are broadly acknowledged as the foundation for integrated water resources management (IWRM). Economics purely focuses on the division of scant commodities over several contending demands hence then the aspect of scarcity of water reserves as economic com modities makes perfect sense. (FAO/ Netherlands, 2005)Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contrary, Perry et al (1997) argues that water is not an ordinary economic good, and that one should be familiar with possessions and consumer privileges may be multifaceted, in that the physical attribute of water makes it difficult to transport large quantities of water from one location to another and that water is a resource that cannot be replaced, once its used, its gone. Conclusion Water is a scarce resource and the situation continues to escalate day-in-day-out. Just like other scarce resources which are categorized as economic resources, so should be water resources. By giving water resources a price tag and placing market regulations, the commodity will be more valued and the resources protected. Reference List Addams, L. Boccaletti, G. Kerlin, M. Stuchtey, M. (2009). Charting Our Water Future Economic frameworks to inform decision making. McKinsey Company. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/charting-our-water-future Briscoe, J. (1996). Paper presented at the ICID World Congress in Egypt: Treating Water as an Economic Good. The idea and what it means in practice. Cairo: Elsevier. FAO, (2005). Project Report FAO and Sokoine University of Agriculture: Water Productivity and Vulnerable Groups in the Mkoji Sub Catchment. Morogoro: Kasele, S. Hermans, L. Halsema, V. G. Renault, D. (2005). Paper presented at OECD Workshop on Agriculture and Water: Sustainability, Markets and Policies. 14th– 18th November 2005: Developing economic arrangements for water resources management-the potential of stakeholder-oriented water valuation. Adelaide: Sydney. Perry. C.J., Rock, M. and Seckler, D. (1997). Research Report14: Water as an Economic Good: A Solution or a Problem? Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irriga tion Management Institute.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Water resources in economic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on Water resources in economic was written and submitted by user Zackary Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.